Section 21
Alphabetic References

21.1       Fundamentals
21.2       General Format for Alphabetic References
21.3       Guide Words
21.4       Indexes
21.5       References without Syllabification or Pronunciation
21.6       Glossaries
21.7       Thesauruses
21.8       Dictionaries and Facsimiles
21.9       Alphabetic References in Foreign Language Materials
21.10     Samples

21.1    Fundamentals

21.1.1
This section contains general provisions for alphabetic references, e.g., glossaries, thesauruses, dictionaries, and indexes. Other alphabetic reference materials (e.g., gazetteers) also fall into this category, and the guidelines provided in this section serve as the appropriate format for them. (See Formats, §21.6.3, English and Foreign Language Glossaries.)
Bibliographies fall into a separate category and are an exception to the guidelines in this section. (See Formats, §22, Bibliographies.)

21.2    General Format for Alphabetic References

21.2.1
These are the common guidelines for formatting alphabetic references. Additional information unique to specific alphabetic references is discussed later in this section. Note: See Formats, §21.9 for formatting specifically related to foreign language materials.

a.  Start each alphabetic reference on a new braille page.

b.  The main entry begins in cell 1. Each subentry level begins two cells to the right of the previous level. All runovers begin two cells to the right of the farthest indented subentry.

One level: 1-3

Two levels: 1-5, 3-5

Three levels: 1-7, 3-7, 5-7

Four levels: 1-9, 3-9, 5-9, 7-9 etc.

21.2.2
Font Attributes. Ignore entry word font attributes when all entry words are emphasized. Use emphasis only for entry words requiring distinction, e.g., book titles, foreign terms, etc.

Example 21-1: Italicized Entry Word

Bold index entry words; third entry word is bold and italics

8,ac;n >*aeology10 #cjb
,ac;n !ory ( develop;t ( /ates1 #cac1
⠀⠀#caf
.1,adapis1 #acj
,adapta;n1 #ej1 #eb1 #ee
21.2.3
Alphabetical Divisions

a.  Center alphabetical division letters.

b.  The grade 1 indicator is used before alphabetical division letters as required.

c.  Insert a blank line before, but not after, the first alphabetical division.

d.  Do not insert blank lines before or after other alphabetical divisions.

e.  Follow print for capitalization.

f.  Alphabetical divisions are followed by at least one line of text at the bottom of the braille page.

Example 21-2: Alphabetical Division Preceded by a Blank Line

Beginning of index; heading, paragraph, alphabetical division (A), first entry word

⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀,^ws to ,"k3 ,a3ess ,guide
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
,g to ! page numb] = ^w def9i;ns4
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
,a
abom9ably1 #icj

g.  Insert one blank line when print uses only blank lines to separate alphabetical divisions.

Example 21-3: Blank Lines Indicating Alphabetical Divisions

Blank line between the last E entry word and first F entry word

,ext]nal migra;n1 #gjg
,ext9c;n1 #fhc-#fhd
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
,falcip>um mal>ia1 #c1 #dd1 #ec1 #ed

h.  Do not insert blank lines if alphabetical divisions are not indicated in print.

Example 21-4: Alphabetical Divisions not Indicated

Index has no indication of a transition for E entry words to F entry words

,ext]nal migra;n1 #gjg
,ext9c;n1 #fhc-#fhd
,falcip>um mal>ia1 #c1 #dd1 #ec1 #ed
21.2.4
Cross-References ("See" or "See also")

a.  Follow print for placement.

b.  Retain font attributes.

Example 21-5: Cross-References

Index with italicized "See also" after a subentry; italicized "See also" and entry begins a new print line

,hi< ,middle ,ages1 #bag-#db
⠀⠀,agriculture1 #bah-#bj1 #bbi
⠀⠀,russia1 #bed-#ee4
.1,see .1al ,soviet
⠀⠀⠀⠀,union
⠀⠀
.1,see .1al ,e>ly ,middle ,ages
21.2.5
Alphabetic Reference Type and Letter Sequence on the Title Page. When an alphabetic reference (e.g., dictionary, thesaurus, etc.) occupies more than one braille volume, include the sequence of letters that identify the range of entries contained in that volume on the title page. Insert this information after the volume number. In addition:

a.  Include the type of alphabetic reference, e.g., "Index," "Thesaurus," etc.

b.  Use uncontracted braille for the letter sequences.

c.  Place the same letter sequence on the volume binding or spine in both print and braille.

Example 21-6: Title Page Format for Inclusive Letters of Index

Sample title page format for index volume and inclusive range of letters

,volume #b ,9dex ;alt-arte

21.3    Guide Words

21.3.1
Print Page Guide Words

a.  Omit print guide words unless the text is teaching readers how to use guide words.

b.  When discussed in the text, center the print page guide words at the beginning of each print page.

c.  Do not leave blank lines before or after print page guide words.

d.  Insert a transcriber's note before an excerpt or facsimile to inform the reader when print shows only the first and last entry words on facing pages. Sample:


In the excerpt below, print guide words are centered at the beginning of each print page.

Example 21-7: Print Guide Words on Facing Pages

Open book with guide word "braille" on print page 88 and guide word "break" on print page 89

⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀brl                #hh
text 444
-------------------------------------#hi
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
br1k
text 444

e.  Follow print for the symbol used between two guide words.

Example 21-8: Examples of Print Guide-Word Separators

Guide words infer and inherit, with sample separators of hyphen, bullet, right arrow, and vertical bar

1 ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀9f],-9h]it           #cca
1 ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀9f]
_49h]it           #cca
1 ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀9f]
;\o9h]it           #cca
1 ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀9f]
_\ 9h]it         #cca
21.3.2
Braille Page Guide Words. Add braille page guide words to all alphabetic references except bibliographies. An agency may choose to omit the guide words in certain alphabetic references, such as indexes.

a.  Guide words indicate the first and last main entries on the braille page.

b.  Do not generate guide words for subentries.

c.  Center guide words on the last line of every braille page.

d.  At least three blank cells must precede the first guide word.

e.  Leave at least three blank cells between the last guide word and braille page number.

f.  Leave at least three blank cells after the second guide word when there is no braille page number on interpoint even pages.

g.  Do not include punctuation attached to the end of the entry word in the guide word text.

h.  Use a dash to connect guide words.

Example 21-9: Guide Words with Dash

Sample of "aboriginal" on line 4 and "-agogy" on line 24; only line 25 guide words are shown in braille

25 ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀aborig9al,--agogy         #,-

i.   Shorten guide words when entry words are too long to fit. Do not add a period. Include enough letters from each entry word to make it intelligible.

Example 21-10: Shortened Guide Words

Sample of "acetylsalicylic acid" on line 2 and "acquired immune deficiency syndrome" on line 22; only line 25 guide words are shown in braille

25 ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀acetylsal,-acquir$ immune def⠀⠀⠀#,-

j.  Use the last guide word from the previous page(s) followed by "(cont.)" when there are no new main entry words on a braille page.

Example 21-11: Continued Guide Word

kayak on ln 2, keep on ln 23, kayak—keep on ln 25; next brl pg (definitions for keep continued for rest of brl pg); ln 25 guide words shown in brl

25 ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀keep "<3t4">           #,-

21.4    Indexes

21.4.1
Indexes may be found on the last pages of a text or printed on the inside cover.
21.4.2
Transcribe indexes printed in two or more columns as a list. Do not retain column headings. Insert a transcriber's note to explain the change to print format.
21.4.3
Font Attributes. Omit font attributes when a letter such as m for map, or p for photograph is emphasized as part of a page number in the index.

Example 21-12: Emphasized Page Numbers

Paragraph at in index indicates italicized m refers to a map; italicized m appears at the beginning of some page numbers

⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀,9dex⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀#icb
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀,page numb]s af an ;m ref] to a map4
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀,a
,aeg1n ,sea1 #bdg1 #bdh1 #bej1
m#bdg
,africa1 #cfh-#cgc1 #fga1
m#fjh

21.4.4
An index entry consists of the word or phrase with all its page references and subentries.

Example 21-13: Index with Listed Subentry

Index entries with a subentry on the next line after one of the entries

⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀,a
,ab5aki1 cr1;n my?s (1 #feh-#fei
,acquir$ immune defici5cy syndrome
⠀⠀⠀⠀"<,,aids">
⠀⠀culturally specific $uca;n & s]vices
⠀⠀⠀⠀=1 #dij-#dia
,ac;n an?ropology1 #fhg
Change subentries in paragraph form to a nested list. Start main entries in cell 1. All runovers are in the same position.

Example 21-14: Paragraphed Index Entries with Subentries

Index subentries shown in the same paragraph with the entries; subentries are separated by semicolons

,air,ways1 #gj
,alabama1
⠀⠀z "r-to-"w law /ate1 #bja2
⠀⠀p] capita p]sonal 9come1 #cii2
⠀⠀gr[? ( r1l p] capita p]sonal 9come1
⠀⠀⠀⠀#cii

21.5    References without Syllabification or Pronunciation

21.5.1
Entry Words

a.  The entry-word segment includes the word or phrase being defined.

b.  The definition segment includes the part-of-speech label, definition, descriptions, examples, etc.

c.  Leave one blank cell between the entry-word segment and the definition segment when the entry word is followed by punctuation, capitalization, or enclosure symbols.

Example 21-15: Entry Word Followed by Punctuation

Bold glossary entry word followed by a colon; definition begins with lowercase letter

addic;n3compulsive drug crav+ & use1
⠀⠀despite adv]se 3sequ;es

Example 21-16: Entry Word Followed by Capitalization

Bold glossary entry phrase is followed by a space; definition begins with uppercase letter

alpha⠀waves,! relatively sl[ bra9 waves
⠀⠀( a relax$1 awake /ate4

Example 21-17: Entry Word Followed by Enclosure Symbols

Bold glossary entry word is followed by part of speech in parentheses; definition begins with lowercase letter

antique"<;n4"> relic1 >tifact1
⠀⠀heirloom1 survival1 r>;y1 monu;t1
⠀⠀ve/ige1 ru94

d.  Leave two blank cells between the entry-word segment and the definition segment when it is not followed by punctuation, capitalization, or enclosure symbols.

Example 21-18: Entry Word Followed by Lowercase Definition

Bold glossary entry word is followed by a space; definition begins with lowercase letter

acronym⠀⠀a ^w =m$ by us+ ! 9itial lrs (
⠀⠀o!r ^ws3 rad> "<.1ra.'dio .2detect+
⠀⠀.2& .2rang+">

e.  Insert two blank spaces before the start of all definitions or descriptions when the alphabetic reference has a variety of entry styles.

Example 21-19: Mixed Entries

1st bold entry followed by space, definition begins with lowercase; 2nd bold entry followed by plural form in parens, definition begins with lowercase

daft⠀⠀crazy1 silly
daily⠀"<dailies">
⠀⠀o3urr+ e "d
21.5.2
Abbreviations for Parts of Speech

a.  Omit font attributes unless needed for distinction.

b.  Follow print for use of punctuation.

Example 21-20: Abbreviation with Font Attribute Omitted

Bold glossary entry word followed by italicized letter part of speech (no period); definition begins with lowercase letter

apply⠀⠀;v to lay or spr1d on4
21.5.3
Sample Sentences. Retain font attributes in sample sentences.

Example 21-21: Sample Sentence with Font Attributes

Bold glossary entry word, and definition begins with lowercase letter; italicized sample sentence with glossary word also bold

apply⠀⠀to lay or spr1d on4 .7,pl1se
⠀⠀
^1apply ! wax 9 a circul> mo;n4.'

21.6    Glossaries

21.6.1
Simple Glossaries. There is no syllabification or pronunciation in a simple glossary. Follow print layout of entries and subentries arranged in paragraphs, lists, or other formats. (See Sample 21-1: Simple Glossary on page 21-26 and Sample 21-2: Multilevel Glossary on page 21-28.)
21.6.2
Glossaries with Pronunciation. The basic format of a glossary is the same when it includes pronunciation. (See Formats, §20.7, Pronunciation.) When entry words are shown with syllable breaks, insert the word in contracted form with no syllable breaks at the margin. Follow this (after one blank cell) with the word showing syllable breaks and using contracted braille. (See Sample 21-3: Glossary with Diacritics on page 21-30.)
21.6.3
English and Foreign Language Glossaries. English and foreign language entry words are frequently separated by a slash or dash, with the foreign language definition following on the same line.

a.  Use contracted braille for English entry words.

b.  Use uncontracted braille for foreign language entry words, using the appropriate accented letters and symbols for the language. (See UEB, §13, Foreign Language.)

c.  List foreign language symbols on the Special Symbols page.

Example 21-22: Simple English/Spanish Glossary

Bold glossary English entry word and Spanish entry word are separated by a slash; Spanish definition begins with uppercase letter

bact]ia_/bacter/as⠀,peque]/simos
⠀⠀microorganismos unicelulares4
⠀⠀"<,b#ei">
bal.e_/equilibrio⠀,la habilidad de no
⠀⠀caer4 "<,c#be">
2nign_/benigno⠀,que no es canceroso4
⠀⠀"<,d#fd">

d.  The language by which the glossary is organized should be used for guide words. (See Sample 21-4: Guide Words for English/Spanish Glossary on page 21-32.)

e.  English and foreign language glossary words may appear as separate entries on the same page. Use 1-5 margins for the main entry words, 3-5 margins for the subentry words. (See Sample 21-5: Side-by-Side English/Spanish Glossary on page 21-33 and Sample 21-6: Nested English/Spanish Glossary on page 21-34.)

f.  English and foreign language glossary word entries may appear on facing pages. Combine the entries into a nested list as above, and use combined print page numbers, e.g., 454-455, a454-455, b454-455, etc.

21.6.5
Glossaries with Samples. Some glossaries and handbooks may include examples of print formats, e.g., lines of poetry, sentence diagrams, other illustrative materials, etc.

a.  Omit illustrations when they do not add information to the entry.

b.  Retain diagrams in math and science textbooks.

c.  Treat the entry word or entry heading as a cell-5 heading. Use this format for the entire section, even if some entries do not have samples.

d.  Guide words are generated from the cell-5 headings.

e.  Use the appropriate format for the example, e.g., paragraphs, poetry, etc.

f.  Do not insert a blank line between the heading and illustrative material, even though blank lines are required in specific formats, such as poetry. (See Sample 21-7: Glossary with Lines of Poetry on page 21-35.)

g.  Examples of glossary terms are treated as displayed material when they follow the definition. (See Formats, §9, Displayed Material, Attributions, and Source Information.)


(See Sample 21-8: Glossary with Displayed Text on page 21-36.)

21.7    Thesauruses

21.7.1
Thesauruses may be a listing of synonyms, antonyms, etc., or a listing of a specialized vocabulary. Generally diacritics are not used.

a.  Follow print layout of entries and subentries.

b.  Follow print for the spacing of a dash, which typically indicates antonyms. This dash cannot end a braille line.

21.7.2
Single-Level Thesaurus. Use 1-3 margins for all entries. (See Sample 21-9: Single-Level Thesaurus on page 21-38.)
21.7.3
Multilevel Thesaurus. Print does not always use indention to indicate subentries. In this case, the entries are often bold and subentries are another font attribute, such as italics.

a.  Use a nested list format, with 1-5 margins for all main entries and 3-5 margins for all subentries.

b.  Omit font attributes for entry words at the main and subentry levels.


(See Sample 21-10: Multilevel Thesaurus on page 21-39.)

21.8    Dictionaries and Facsimiles

21.8.1
Dictionaries include a number of features not found in other alphabetic references.
21.8.2
Special Print Markers. Follow print for the placement and spacing of print markers, e.g., symbolic colon. List the symbols on the Special Symbols page or in a transcriber's note before the text.

Example 21-23: Dictionary Entry with Left Angle Bracket

Entry with mid-dots, pronunciation in parens; bold part of speech (with period), bracketed info; left angle bracket follows country code (Fr)

b\lev>d b\_4le_4v>d
⠀⠀"<bo^6ol^.b_5 v^3ard^.2">⠀;n4 .<;,fr
⠀⠀
@< ,m,du .1bolw]c1 bulw>k.> a broad
⠀⠀/reet l9$ ) trees1 etc4

a.  Symbolic Colon. Some dictionaries use the symbolic colon (i.e., a boldface or regular colon, often printed with a space preceding and following it) to introduce a definition, or to separate two or more definitions. Follow print for placement and emphasis.

Example 21-24: Lightface Symbolic Colon

Bold entry, ellipsis, italic part of speech, spaced lightface symbolic colon; lowercase definition; spaced lightface symbolic colon, another definition

uncage⠀444⠀.1transitive .1v]b 3 to
⠀⠀rel1se f or z if f a cage
3 free f
⠀⠀re/ra9t

b.  Dashes and Swung Dashes. Many dictionaries use the dash and/or the swung dash to replace or stand for the main entry word at certain points in the entries. Follow print for emphasis, number, and spacing of dashes.

Example 21-25: Angle Brackets, Swung Dash

Bold entry, ellipsis, definition 6.; definition includes text enclosed in angle brackets, and lightface swung dash after left angle bracket

/ay 444
⠀⠀#f4 to keep ev5 9 a 3te/ or rivalry
⠀⠀⠀⠀
@<^2@9 ) ! l1d]s@>

c.  Follow print when a swung dash is followed by an unspaced letter or letters.

Example 21-26: Symbolic Colon, Angle Brackets, Swung Dash

Bold entry, ellipsis, definition 3., boldface symbolic colon; definition includes text in angle brackets, boldface swung dash after left angle bracket

/ay 444
⠀⠀#c4
^23 to rema9 dur+ @<^2@9$ ! :ole
⠀⠀⠀⠀"t
@>
21.8.3
Terminology

a.  Entry. The entry includes the word or phrase being defined. It also includes pronunciation information; derivations; parts of speech; definitions; subentries, antonyms, synonyms; sample sentences; and illustrations.

Example 21-27: Entry (See Example 21-30 for Braille)

Full dictionary entry (print only); see Example 21-30 for braille

b.  Entry-Word Segment. A main entry-word segment includes the word or phrase, the respelling, and the pronunciation.

Example 21-28: Entry-Word Segment in Dictionary Entry (Print Only)

Full dictionary entry with entry-word segment and pronunciation highlighted (print only); see Example 21-30, lines 1-2

c.  Definition Segment. The definition segment includes the part-of-speech label, definition, descriptions, examples, etc.

Example 21-29: Definition Segment in Dictionary Entry (Print Only)

Full dictionary entry with definition segment highlighted (print only); see Example 21-30, lines 3-15

d.  Subentry. A subentry is an entry that is subservient to the main entry. It may be a definition, another part of speech, another form of spelling, or a cross-reference.

Example 21-30: Subentry in Dictionary Entry

Full dictionary entry with print subentry segments highlighted

pres5ta;n pre-s5-ta-tion
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀_*pre^.2-z5-t@-a^.b-%_5n_*
⠀⠀
;n "<#ae ;c">
⠀⠀
#a
⠀⠀⠀⠀a 3 ! act ( pres5t+
⠀⠀⠀⠀;b 3 ! act1 p[]1 or privilege esp4 (
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀a patron ( apply+ to ! bi%op or
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ord9>y = 9/itut+ "s"o 9to a
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀b5efice
⠀⠀
#b 3 "s?+ pres5t$3
⠀⠀⠀⠀a 3 a symbol or image t repres5ts
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀"s?+
⠀⠀⠀⠀;b 3 "s?+ (f]$ or giv5
⠀⠀
#c 3 an imm object ( p]cep;n1 cogni;n1
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀or memory
⠀⠀
,-pres5ta;nal pre-s5-ta-tion-;al

e.  Sub-subentry. A sub-subentry is subservient to the subentry.

Example 21-31: Sub-subentry in Dictionary Entry (Print Only)

Full dictionary entry with sub-subentry segments highlighted (print only); Example 21-30, lines beginning in cell 5 (lines 5, 6, 10, 12)
21.8.4
Single-Level Dictionary Entries

Example 21-32: Single-Level Dictionary Entries

Bold dictionary entry phrase, followed by a dash; definition begins with uppercase letter; "See also" is followed by bold entries

active duty,-,full-"t duty 9 ! active
⠀⠀milit>y s]vice ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,see
⠀⠀al ^7active duty = tra9+2 9active duty
⠀⠀tra9+4^'
21.8.5
Multilevel Dictionary Entries. All of the following are treated as subentries, no matter how they appear in print:

a.  Parts of speech: Each part of speech is treated as a subentry when an entry includes more than one part-of-speech label.

b.  Each numbered or lettered definition.

c.  Run-in derived entries, e.g., —flat-ly adv. —flat-ness n.

d.  Synonyms or antonyms.

e.  "See also" references when they apply to the entry and all subentries.

Example 21-33: Dictionary with Subentries

Dictionary entry is a single paragraph; definitions are indicated by bold numbers; bold run-in derived entries are at the end of the paragraph

improve im-prove "<im_4pr@-<o^6o>v^.b">
⠀⠀⠀⠀;v4
⠀⠀
#a to make or 2come bett] .<,busi;s
⠀⠀⠀⠀has .1improv$4.>
⠀⠀
#b to make gd use ( .<,%e .1improv$ h]
⠀⠀⠀⠀sp>e "t by r1d+4.>
⠀⠀
,-^7improv$ im_4prov$^.b1 improv+
⠀⠀⠀⠀im_4prov^.b9g^'

f.  Second-definition levels are treated as sub-subentries.

g.  Words of foreign derivation are contracted.

(See Sample 21-11: Dictionary with Sub- and Sub-subentries on page 21-40.)
21.8.6
Entry Words with Superscript Numbers

a.  Regardless of print placement, place the superscript number after the entry word in braille. Follow print for spacing.

b.  List the superscript indicator on the Special Symbols page, or in a transcriber's note before the text.

c.  Insert a transcriber's note when the superscript numbers appear before the entry words in print. Sample:


Superscript numbers appear before the entry word in print. They are inserted after the entry word in braille. .=9 is the superscript indicator.

Example 21-34: Superscript Numbers Before Entry Words

Superscript numbers appear before dictionary entry words

live;9#a _/l@+iv_/⠀;v4 9tr4 ,to 2 alive2
⠀⠀exi/
live
;9#b _/l@-iv_/⠀adj4 ,hav+ life2
⠀⠀alive3 live animals

Example 21-35: Superscript Numbers After Entry Words

Superscript numbers appear after dictionary entry words

live;9#a _/l@+iv_/⠀;v4 9tr4 ,to 2 alive2
⠀⠀exi/
live
;9#b _/l@-iv_/⠀adj4 ,hav+ life2
⠀⠀alive3 live animals
21.8.7
Marginal Labels. See Formats, §16.11, Keying Technique for Marginal Labels, when dictionary excerpts/facsimiles have marginal labels.

21.9    Alphabetic References in Foreign Language Materials

21.9.1
These guidelines are unique to the formatting of alphabetic references in foreign language materials.

a.  Ignore print emphasis for entry words, subentry words, and all translations and definitions unless needed for distinction.

b.  It is important to determine whether abbreviations are given in English or in the foreign language, e.g., inf. can mean either infinitive or infinitif, and sing. may represent either singular or singulier. Follow the guidelines for foreign language materials using contracted braille for English abbreviations and uncontracted braille for foreign abbreviations. (See Formats, §1.16, Foreign Material in English Context.)

21.9.2
Bilingual Reference Materials

a.  Use nested list format.

b.  A complete entry word consists of the main entry word itself plus its pronunciation, abbreviation for gender, part of speech, and other forms of the word.

c.  Insert a braille colon to indicate a change in language after each complete entry or subentry word that is followed by a translation. If a print comma appears at this point, omit it and substitute a colon.

d.  If a special print sign (e.g., an asterisk) is printed after an entry word, the asterisk symbol is transposed to precede the entry word. Explain this rearrangement in a transcriber's note placed before its first occurrence.

e.  Use the following format when articles, reflexive pronouns, special print signs, specially marked items, or English infinitives, are shown before entry words.

(1)  Begin the longest article, reflexive pronoun, etc. in cell 1.

(2)  Align the initial letters of the foreign language words.

(3)  The left margin is the braille cell in which the initial letter of the entry words appears.

(4)  Adjust each braille page to align the main entry words on that page.

(5)  All runovers are two cells to the right of the main entry left margin. If the main entry begins in cell 4, runovers are in cell 6; if the main entry begins in cell 5, runovers are in cell 7.

(6)  Begin subentries two cells to the right of the main entry margin and adjust the runovers accordingly. If the main entry begins in cell 5, all subentries begin in cell 7 and all runovers begin in cell 9.

(7)  When there is more than one element preceding a foreign main entry word, the established margin is still at the entry word itself.

Example 21-36: Foreign Language Glossary

Spanish/English multilevel glossary

las botas3 boots1 #h
⠀el bote3 boat1 #i2
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀el bote de vela3 sailboat1 #aj2
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀pasear en bote de vela3 to g \ 9 a
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀sailboat1 #aj
⠀el brazo3 >m1 #g
⠀⠀⠀⠀brillar3 to %9e1 #g
⠀⠀⠀⠀brindar3 to (f]1 #e

f.   When a print colon and a subentry word, rather than a translation, are shown following the entry word, substitute a semicolon for the colon. Place the subentry word on the following braille line at the established margin. The translation follows on the next braille line indented two cells to the right of the established margin.

Example 21-37: Foreign Language Glossary with Print Colon

English/Spanish two level glossary

to %[3 ense]ar1 #d2
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀to %[ photos3 ense]ar fotos1 #i
⠀⠀⠀%y
3 t/mido"<a">1 #b
⠀⠀⠀sick
2 to be3 estar enfermo"<a">1 #g
⠀⠀⠀silk
3 la seda1 #h
⠀⠀⠀silly
3 tonto"<a">1 #c
21.9.3
Dashes and Hyphens in Foreign Entries

a.  Insert the appropriate modifier (unspaced) before the braille dash or hyphen if an accent mark is shown above the print symbol. (See UEB, §4.2, Modifiers.) Explain this usage on the Special Symbols page.

b.  Represent a spaced dash, hyphen, or special print sign that is used to indicate the repetition of an entire word by a spaced braille dash.

Example 21-38: Repetitions Shown with Print Symbols

Foreign entries with print symbols to indicate repetition

coup1 ,- de pied
der ,laden1 ^3
,-
das ,leben1
,-

c.  Represent a dash, hyphen, or special print sign (often unspaced) used to indicate the omission of a word or word part to which an addition is to be made by the braille hyphen.

Example 21-39: Additions Represented by Print Symbols

Word additions represented by a print symbol

dessus1 l(--
der ,tisch1 -e
der ,spass1 ^3-e or ^3-sse
exacto1 -a
tu -ses1 il^%-t
21.9.4
Guide Words in Foreign Language Texts

a.  Omit articles, reflexive pronouns, or other elements that precede foreign entry words when choosing guide-word text.

b.  Use only the initial entry word as a guide word when an entry consists of two or more foreign words. Use the first two words of an entry when two or more consecutive entries have the same initial word.

21.10  Samples

Sample 21-1: Simple Glossary

Glossary with capitalized and bold entry words, followed by a colon; definitions begin with uppercase letter

 1⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀,gloss>y ( ,botanical ,t]ms   #ajb
 2⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
 3⠀,appress$3 ,ly+ close & flat ag/1 z
 4⠀⠀⠀hairs ag/ a surface4
 5⠀,axil3 ,! angle =m$ by a l1f or bran* )
 6⠀⠀⠀! /em4
 7⠀,axill>y3 ,situat$ 9 an axil4
 8⠀,bip9nately ,comp.d3 ,twice p9nately
 9⠀⠀⠀comp.d2 ! prim>y l1flets 2+ fur!r
10 ⠀⠀divid$ 9to second>y l1flets4
11 ,calyx3 ,! collective t]m = all ! sepals
12 ⠀⠀( a fl[]4
13 ,corolla3 ,! collective t]m = all ( !
14 ⠀⠀petals ( a fl[]4
15 ,drupe3 ,a fle%y fruit1 surr.d+ a /"o t
16 ⠀⠀3ta9s a s+le se$4
17 ,husks3 ,t9y ?9 scales 5clos+ a grass
18 ⠀⠀gra91 (t5 hav+ hairlike app5dages to
19 ⠀⠀assi/ ) w9d & animal 4p]sal ( ! se$4
20 ,l5ticels3 ,rais$ pores or %ort l9es on
21 ⠀⠀! /ems ( plants1 usually corky 9
22 ⠀⠀color4
23 ,ligule3 ,a t9y membran\s projec;n (t5
24 ⠀⠀fr+$ ) hairs1 f ! summit ( ! %1? (
25 ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀,appress$,-,ligule         #,-

—New Braille Page—

 1⠀⠀⠀grasses1 locat$ 9 ! .1uxil4      a#ajb
 2⠀,panicle3 ,a loose irregul>ly bran*$
 3⠀⠀⠀9floresc;e "<fl[] clu/]">4

 

Sample 21-2: Multilevel Glossary

Glossary with subentries; entry and subentry words are bold; definitions begin with uppercase letter

 1⠀,3junc;n⠀,a ^w or phrase t 3nects    #,-
 2⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀^ws1 phrases1 or clauses4
 3⠀⠀⠀,coord9at+⠀,3nects ^ws1 phrases1 or
 4⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀clauses ( equal rank3 .7&1 b1 or1.'
 5⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀& .1nor4
 6⠀⠀⠀,correlative⠀,3junc;ns 3si/+ ( two
 7⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ele;ts us$ 9 pairs3 .7bo? 444 &1 ei
 8⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀444 or4.'

 

Sample 21-3: Glossary with Diacritics

Bold entries, hyphen syllable breaks, pronunciations enclosed in parens; definitions begin with lowercase; some entries have numbered definitions

 1⠀ac ;ac-cord-9g "<_5-k^%or^.b-d+"> 9   #f
 2⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀agree;t
 3⠀a3.t ;ac-c.t "<_5-k.t^.b">⠀expla94 ,c y
 4⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀a3.t = ! brok5 di%es 9 ! s9k8
 5⠀actually ;ac-tu-;al-ly
 6⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀"<ak^.b-*^3u-_5l-@-e">
 7⠀⠀⠀#a4 truly
 8⠀⠀⠀#b4 9 fact4 ,>e y actually go+ to r1d
 9⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀t :ole book ? week8
10 admire ad-mire "<ad-m@-ir^.b"> look up
11 ⠀⠀⠀⠀to4 ,! ll *n admire _! t1*]4
12 adjective ad-jec-tive "<a^.b-jik-tiv"> a
13 ⠀⠀⠀⠀^w t tells ab a n\n4 ,"! >e two
14 ⠀⠀⠀⠀adjectives 9 t l;g s5t;e4
15 adv]b ad-v]b "<ad^.b-v^_1erb">
16 ⠀⠀#a4 a ^w t tells ab v]bs & is al us$
17 ⠀⠀⠀⠀to tell ab adjectives & o!r adv]bs4
18 ⠀⠀#b4 a ^w t tells ":1 :51 h[ or h[ m*4
19 ⠀⠀⠀⠀,%e look$ closely at ! s5t;e & qkly
20 ⠀⠀⠀⠀f.d two adv]bs 9 x4
21 agree a-gree "<_5-gr@-e^.b">
22 ⠀⠀#a4 ?9k ! same z4 ,i agree ) yr id1s
23 ⠀⠀⠀⠀on h[ to gr[ vegetables4
24 ⠀⠀#b4 2 ! same z4
25 ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ac,-agree            #,

 

Sample 21-4: Guide Words for English/Spanish Glossary

Bold English entry and Spanish entry separated by slash; entries followed by italicized part of speech (with period); lowercase Spanish definitions

 3⠀anomie_/desmandado⠀⠀;n4 condici+n social
 4⠀⠀⠀en la cual las normas son d!biles1
 5⠀⠀⠀conflictivas o ausentes
 6⠀444

23 appreh5.n_/aprensi+n⠀⠀;s4 temor de lo
24 ⠀⠀que pueda pasar2 ansiedad
25 ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀anomie,-appreh5.n         #,-

 

Sample 21-5: Side-by-Side English/Spanish Glossary

Glossary with English entry in the left column and corresponding Spanish entry in the right column

 1⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀;,f
 2⠀factors⠀"<;p4 #aj">⠀,two or m numb]s t
 3⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀>e multipli$ tgr to =m a product4
 4⠀⠀⠀factores⠀,dos o m(s n)meros que se
 5⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀multiplicand entre s/ para formar un
 6⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀producto4

 

Sample 21-6: Nested English/Spanish Glossary

Glossary with blocked English entry and corresponding Spanish entry indented and blocked below it

 1⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀,a
 2⠀absorp;n⠀,! process by : nutri5ts pass
 3⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀"? ! l9+ ( ! dige/ive sy/em4
 4⠀⠀⠀absorci+n⠀,proceso mediante el cual
 5⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀los nutrientes pasan a trav!s de las
 6⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀paredes del sistema digestivo4

 

Sample 21-7: Glossary with Lines of Poetry

Glossary with headings, which are followed by poetry

 1⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀,au/51 ,jane3 ,5gli% noveli/     #,-
 2⠀⠀⠀8,x is a tru? univ]sally ac"kl$g$1 t a
 3⠀s+le man 9 posses.n ( a gd =tune1 m/ 2 9
 4⠀want ( a wife40
 5⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
 6⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀444
 7⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
 8⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀,dick9son1 ,emily3 ,am]ican poet
 9⠀,"!'s a c]ta9 ,slant ( li<t1
10 ,w9t] afns,-
11 ,t oppresses1 l ! ,heft
12 ,( ,ca!dral ,tunes,-
13 ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀,au/5,-,dick9son         #ae

 

Sample 21-8: Glossary with Displayed Text

Glossary with headings, which are followed by paragraphs; displayed text with attributions end each entry

 1⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀,p>adox                        a#ghh
 2⠀⠀⠀,a p>adox is a /ate;t t seems to
 3⠀3tradict xf b is1 n"e!.s1 true1 z 9 !
 4⠀2g9n+ ( ? poem3
 5⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
 6⠀⠀⠀,m* ,mad;s is div9e/ ,s5se
 7⠀⠀⠀,to a 4c]n+ ,eye2
 8⠀⠀⠀,m* ,s5se ! />ke/ ,mad;s4
 9⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀,-,emily ,dick9son
10 ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀f 8,m* ,mad;s is div9e/ ,s5se0
11 ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
12 ⠀⠀⠀⠀,p]sonifica;n
13 ⠀⠀,p]sonifica;n is a figure ( spee* 9 :
14 human qualities >e attribut$ to an
15 object1 animal1 or idea4 ,9 8,9cid5t 9 a
16 ,rose ,g>d50 by ,donald ,ju/ice1 d1? is
17 p]sonifi$ z "s"o :o we>s black & gr9s4
18 ,9 ? l9e1 morn+ is p]sonifi$3
19 ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
20 ⠀⠀,! grey-ey$ morn smiles on ! fr[n+
21 ⠀⠀⠀⠀ni<t 444
22 ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀,-,william ,%akespe>e1 f
23 ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀.7,romeo & ,juliet.'
24 ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
25 ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀,p>adox,-,p]sonifica;n      #,-

 

Sample 21-9: Single-Level Thesaurus

Entries in paragraphs; bold entries followed by italic part of speech (with period); lowercase definitions; dash precedes antonyms at end of paragraph

10 agree⠀⠀;v4 co9cide1 get al;g1 side )1
11 ⠀⠀h>monize )1 mat* up1 3cur1 /& tgr1 g
12 ⠀⠀al;g )1 say yes to1 3=m⠀,-,ant4 di6]1
13 ⠀⠀4agree1 debate4
14 al>m⠀⠀;n4 anxiety1 appreh5.n1 4may1
15 ⠀⠀4tress1 dr1d1 /ra91 /ress1 t5.n
16 ⠀⠀,-,ant4 assur.e1 composure1 p1ce1
17 ⠀⠀repose1 secur;y4

 

Sample 21-10: Multilevel Thesaurus

Bold entry word; italic subentries at same print margin; antonyms at same print margin; bold italic entry word in italicized sample sentence

 1⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀,!saurus
 2⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
 3⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀,a a
 4⠀agree⠀⠀;v4 to express "o's will+;s or
 5⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀approval4 .7,my p>5ts ^1agre$ to get
 6⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀a dog = my bro!r & me4.'
 7⠀⠀⠀approve⠀⠀to say (ficially t "s?+ is
 8⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀correct or %d 2 d"o4 .7,! pr9cipal
 9⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀^1approv$ ! plan = ! field trip4.'
10 ⠀⠀3s5t⠀⠀to say yes4 .7,did ,judy ^13s5t
11 ⠀⠀⠀⠀to ! plan8.'
12 ⠀⠀antonyms3 d5y1 refuse

 

Sample 21-11: Dictionary with Sub- and Sub-subentries

Full dictionary entry, which corresponds to Examples 21-31 through 21-35

 5⠀fumble fum_4ble _/f^/umb_5l_/ ;v4 @& ;n4
 6⠀⠀⠀;v4
 7⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀#a .19tr4 "<(t5 foll4 by .7at1 )1 =1
 8⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀af.'"> use ! h&s awkw>dly2 grope
 9⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ab4
10 ⠀⠀⠀⠀#b .1tr4
11 ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀a h&le clumsily or n]v\sly4
12 ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀;b .1,football drop "<! ball">4
13 ⠀⠀;n4 an act ( fumbl+4
14 ⠀⠀,-^1fumbl] ^1fum_4bl] ;n4
15 ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀^1fumbl+ly ^1fum_4bl+_4ly adv4