(ah-vant33,,gard)
moh-,,teef
21.1 Fundamentals
21.2 Pronunciation Basics
21.3 Simple Pronunciation
21.4 Diacritic Pronunciation
21.5 Instructional Content
21.6 Reference Sections with Syllabification and/or Pronunciations
21.7 Pronunciation and Summary Keys
21.8 Pronunciation Keys and the Special Symbols Page
21.9 Samples
21.1.1 Various systems for representing the pronunciation of speech appear in textbooks. Publishers sometimes use unique systems, and it's not possible to include all of them in these guidelines. This section provides guidance for transcribing simple pronunciation and diacritics.
Simple Pronunciation: Uses font attributes and capitalization to indicate pronunciation and syllable stress.
Diacritics: A pronunciation system is considered to be diacritic when it contains letters of the Latin alphabet and any of the diacritic marks or special letters. Syllable stress usually is shown with stress marks.
See Section 22, Alphabetic References for additional information when pronunciation is used.
21.1.2 When transcribing phonetics, the exact sounds of a letter or letter combinations in a word, refer to IPA Braille (International Phonetic Alphabet, used in the study of linguistics) as the authorized BANA code for the representation of those sounds. The document can be found on the BANA website, at www.brailleauthority.org.
21.1.3 Special Symbols and Transcriber's Notes
21.2.1 These are the common guidelines for all pronunciation. Additional information unique to different types of pronunciation is discussed later in this section.
a. Pronunciation cannot be preceded by contractions for to, into, and by.
b. Pronunciation is not contracted.
c. The letter indicator is not used with pronunciation.
d. When pronunciation does not fit on a single line, it is divided only at a syllable break, and the - (36) hyphen is used.
21.2.2 Pronunciation Enclosure Symbols. Follow print for use of enclosure symbols. Ignore font attributes that may be applied to these symbols.
( ) 7 (2356) Left and right parentheses
[ ,7 (6, 2356) Left square bracket
] 7' (2356, 3) Right square bracket
/ \ ( Left slash and left backslash (used for either type of slash appearing before a letter, word, etc.)
/ \ ) Right slash and right backslash (used for either type of slash appearing after a letter, word, etc.)
| | \ Left and right vertical bars
< ;8 (56, 236) Left angle bracket
> 02 (356, 23) Right angle bracket
21.3.1 Syllable Division Symbols
a. The regular hyphen - (36) is used for all syllable division symbols or spaces. This change is noted on the Transcriber's Notes page, or in a transcriber's note before the text. Sample:
A space indicating syllable division is replaced with a hyphen.
b. The compound hyphen 33 (25, 25) is used to represent the hyphen between the component words of a hyphenated compound word. Include the compound hyphen on the Special Symbols page.
|
(ah-vant33,,gard) |
21.3.2 Syllable Stress. Syllable stress is indicated by all capitals, small capitals, font attributes such as italics, etc.
a. The termination indicator ,' (6, 3) is inserted to indicate the end of double capitals or a font attribute within a pronunciation.
b. A regular hyphen follows the termination indicator.
|
,,dok,'-u-ment |
c. The double capital indicator precedes the affected syllable when a text shows primary syllable stress with full capitalization.
|
7ad-ap-,,tay,'-shun7 |
d. The italic indicator precedes the affected syllable when a text shows primary syllable stress with a font attribute, e.g., italics, boldface, colored type, etc.
|
\ad-ap-.tay,'-shun\ |
e. Follow print when syllabification is not indicated. Keep in mind that all partial-word emphasis that is not in uppercase letters in print is in italics in braille.
|
adap.tay,'shun |
21.3.3 Primary and Secondary Stress. Forms of capitalization and font attributes indicate primary and secondary syllable stress.
a. Double capitals represent primary syllable stress.
b. Italics represent secondary syllable stress.
c. Explain how stress is indicated on the Transcriber's Notes page, or in a transcriber's note before the text. Sample:
Primary stress is indicated by double capitals and secondary stress is indicated by italics.
|
;8.ay,'-bi-,,ah,'-tik02 |
21.4.1 Table of Diacritic Symbols
a. Authors and publishers differ widely in the use of diacritic markings, not only using the same mark for different sounds, but also using different marks for the same sound. No attempt should be made to equate these print signs with certain sounds. Instead, it is important to match each print diacritic marking with the appropriate braille symbol or symbols.
b. Use these basic concepts to devise a system for symbols not shown here.
c. A diacritic symbol always is followed by the unspaced letter it affects; except the schwa, eng, and apostrophe, which represent the complete symbol.
| Name |
Example |
Braille |
ASCII |
Sample |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Apostrophe |
’ |
’ |
’ |
|
Acute accent |
á é í ó ú |
> |
> |
|
Bar, underbar, stroke |
|
4 |
4 |
|
Breve |
ă ĕ ĭ ŏ ŭ |
^ |
^ |
|
Circumflex |
â ê î ô û |
6 |
6 |
|
Diaeresis, umlaut * |
ä ö ü |
2 |
2 |
|
Eng |
|
$ |
$ |
|
Ligatures, tied bars |
|
8 |
8 |
|
Macron |
ā ē ī ō ū |
_ |
_ |
|
Overdot |
|
1 |
1 |
|
Schwa |
|
5 |
5 |
|
Superscript |
empty cell |
@ |
@ |
|
Tilde |
ã õ ñ |
" |
" |
|
* Generally umlaut is a German, Dutch, Finnish, and Hungarian language term. The umlaut is used, like the tilde, in regular print. The diaeresis is used only in diacritic pronunciation guides.
d. The following diacritics have been included historically in the code. As of this writing, it appears pronunciations use these symbols only rarely. They are provided here as a reference.
| Name |
Example |
Braille |
ASCII |
|---|---|---|---|
Cedilla or ogonek |
|
0 |
0 |
Grave accent |
à è ì ò ù |
< |
< |
Underdot |
|
9 |
9 |
21.4.2 Syllable Division Symbols
a. Use the regular hyphen - (36) at a line break when pronunciations must be divided between lines.
b. Use the diacritic hyphen 3 (25) for all other syllable breaks.
c. Use the compound hyphen 33 (25, 25) at the line break when the hyphenated compound word splits between lines.
|
7in33l_ine sk_at3ing7 |
|
''' k2ard3_e3_o3p1ul3m5- |
d. Retain the space preceding partial pronunciation.
|
72ak3tiv1 3t_av7 |
21.4.3 Syllable Stress.Different print signs may be used either before (high and low stress) or after syllables to indicate stress. No distinction is made in braille. Use the following symbols to represent syllable stress in diacritic pronunciation.
/ Primary syllable stress
* Secondary syllable stress
; (56) Tertiary syllable stress
a. Stress marks always are placed unspaced before the syllable.
b. Stress marks are included on the Special Symbols page if they are not included in a pronunciation key. Inform the reader that the stress marks are located before the stressed syllable.
c. When a stress mark comes after a syllable in print, and the following syllable has no stress mark, insert a diacritic hyphen before that following syllable to distinguish it as a separate syllable.
d. When all syllables of a word have stress marks, it is not necessary to insert diacritic hyphens anywhere in the word.
|
7/ar35*mat3ik7 |
|
(/pen;man*ship) |
|
(/a3pr5*k2at) |
e. Occasionally a mark appearing over a vowel in words of more than one syllable indicates stress. Note: In this case, the syllable division is shown only with the entry word, and the pronunciation provides the diacritics and stress. It is necessary to use information from the entry word and pronunciation to determine how to transcribe this notation correctly.
|
aback a-back ,75/bak7' |
21.4.4 Font Attributes in Diacritic Notation. Ignore font attributes when syllables are marked with stress signs and emphasis.
|
;85/m_az02 |
21.4.5 Individual italic or capital letters may appear in diacritic notation.
a. The braille italic or capital indicator must precede each affected letter or modified letter.
b. The termination indicator is not used.
|
.t.humb |
21.4.6 Diacritic Marking of Two Letters. When a diacritic marking affects two separate letters as if they are a unit, the symbol representing this diacritic marking precedes the first letter only.
|
f_ool |
21.4.7 Diacritic Marking of Ligatured Letters
a. When only one of a pair of ligatured letters is marked, the diacritic symbol precedes the affected letter.
|
vir8t_ue |
b. When both ligatured letters are marked with a single diacritic, the diacritic symbol precedes the ligature symbol.
|
b_8ook |
21.4.8 Diacritic Marking Above and Below a Single Letter
a. If diacritic marks appear both above and below a letter, or both through and below a letter, the lowest mark is transcribed first. Both marks are transcribed before the letter.
|
0>c |
b. When two or more diacritic marks appear above a letter, the mark nearest the letter is transcribed first.
|
f_6ear |
21.5.1 Indication of freestanding diacritic symbols within text is handled differently than indication of such symbols when they appear within a pronunciation key.
a. When an identified freestanding diacritic symbol, e.g., stress mark, or macron, appears within text, the symbol is preceded by dot 4.
|
⠀⠀,! prim>y /ress m>k is @/ &! second>y |
b. When an unidentified freestanding diacritic symbol appears within text, the symbol is preceded by @ (4) and an embedded transcriber's note is inserted after the symbol stating its name.
|
,! @_ ,'macron,' %[s ! l;g v[el s.d4 |
21.6.1 Entry words may or may not be syllabified and/or include pronunciation or stress.
A main entry word segment includes the word or phrase.
The definition segment includes the part of speech label, definition, descriptions, examples, etc.
a. All entry words are contracted, even if print includes syllable divisions or stress.
b. If any entry words show syllable divisions, stress, or pronunciation, then all entry words are transcribed contracted first, followed by a second uncontracted writing if the entry word has contractions.
c. One blank cell separates the main entry word segment, including respelling and pronunciations, from the definition segment when the main entry word is followed by punctuation, capitalization, or enclosure symbols.
d. Two blank cells separate the main entry word segment from the definition segment when it is not followed by punctuation, capitalization, or enclosure symbols.
e. Two blank cells always separate a main entry phrase from the definition segment.
f. The following table is linked to Examples 21-24 through 21-29 and illustrate various combinations found in print. These serve as a guide for other combinations not included here.
| Entry |
Syllabification |
Pronunciation |
First Writing, Second Writing, |
|---|---|---|---|
(1) Word |
No |
No |
Contracted |
(2) Word |
No |
Yes |
Contracted, Uncontracted |
(3) Word |
Yes/Stress |
No |
Contracted, Uncontracted and Syllabify with Stress |
(4) Word |
Yes |
Yes |
Contracted, Uncontracted and Syllabify, Pronunciation |
(5) Word |
Yes/Stress |
No |
Contracted, Uncontracted with Stress |
(6) Phrase |
No |
Yes |
Contracted, Uncontracted Phrase, Pronunciation |
|
a3us$⠀⠀adj4 blam$ |
|
a3us$⠀accused⠀7uh-,,kuzd7⠀adj4 blam$ |
|
a3us$⠀ac/cused⠀⠀adj4 blam$ |
|
a3us$⠀ac-cused⠀75/ky_uzd7⠀adj4 blam$ |
|
h1dpiece⠀,,head,'-piece⠀,a helmet or cap |
|
,a*illes heel⠀,achilles heel |
21.7.1 Pronunciation keys appear in a variety of print layouts, and terms such as "pronunciation key" and "pronunciation table" are used interchangeably.
21.7.2 Summary keys are a reminder of the diacritics being used, and appear typically on each page or alternate pages in some alphabetic reference material.
See Sample 21-1: Pronunciation and Summary Keys on page 21-18.
See Sample 21-2: Pronunciation and Paragraph Summary on page 21-19.
See Sample 21-3: Pronunciation Key on Odd Pages on page 21-20.
21.7.3 Placement of Pronunciation Keys. Pronunciation keys are inserted before the alphabetic reference material. When an alphabetic reference is longer than a single volume:
a. The pronunciation key is repeated in each volume of the continued alphabetic reference.
b. The repeated pronunciation key is included in print page number order in the front matter pages.
c. The print page number is included on this front matter page.
d. The print page number of the transposed page with the repeated pronunciation key is included on the title page. For example:
Title page: Print pages 45-a86, 395
e. The pronunciation key is inserted in the front matter pages of each volume when pronunciations appear throughout the text.
21.7.4 Format for Pronunciation Keys. The format for pronunciation keys varies, depending on how print sample words are shown.
a. Follow print when categories are provided.
b. Do not assign headings when none are shown in print.
c. Entries in columned pronunciation keys are listed in 1-3, or 1-5, 3-5 for a nested list.
21.7.5 Example Words in Pronunciation Keys
a. Do not use a letter indicator before a pronunciation symbol whether it is a single letter, a letter modified by a diacritic symbol, or a letter combination.
b. Each pronunciation key entry begins in cell 1.
c. Example words are uncontracted and are not repeated in contracted form.
|
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀,pronunci,n ,key |
d. Insert the word "in" between the identified letter and the example word when individual letters are emphasized within the example word.
e. Omit font attributes for individual letters within example words.
f. Indicate which letter is emphasized when a sample word has more than one of the identified letters.
|
a ;a 9 add |
|
a ;a 9 at1 bad |
g. Dot numbers are provided in parentheses when a listed pronunciation symbol consists of only right-hand or only lower cell dots.
|
5 7#bf7 .k ;a 9 above |
h. Give the name of the print sign or a brief description of its shape when the diacritic symbol is standing alone and example words and identifications are not included.
|
^ 7#de7 breve |
See Sample 21-4: Pronunciation Key without Heading starting on page 21-22.
21.7.6 Summary Keys
a. Omit the summary key when print includes a pronunciation key and a summary key.
b. Include the summary key when it is the only type of key.
c. Summary keys are inserted before the beginning of the dictionary or glossary and are not repeated.
d. Follow print paragraph or list format.
|
a ;a 9 add1 _a ;a 9 ace1 6a ;a 9 care1 |
21.8.1 Pronunciation key symbols are specialized and have specific requirements for their format.
a. Diacritic symbols in a pronunciation key are not listed on the Special Symbols page.
b. Additional symbols used and not included in the pronunciation key, e.g., enclosure symbols, stress marks, syllable division symbols, etc., are listed on the Special Symbols page.
21.8.2 When print doesn't include a pronunciation key create a Pronunciation Symbols cell-5 heading on the Special Symbols page. List the symbols in the following order: special enclosure symbols, syllable stress symbols, syllable division symbols, and pronunciation symbols (diacritic marks).
Sample 21-1: Pronunciation and Summary Keys, page 21-18
Sample 21-2: Pronunciation and Paragraph Summary, page
21-19
Sample 21-3: Pronunciation Key on Odd Pages, page 21-20
Sample 21-4: Pronunciation Key without Heading, page
21-22
